Desenvolvimento de competências para evacuação aeromédica em emergências e desastres: protocolo de revisão de escopo / Skill development for aeromedical evacuation in emergencies and disasters: a scoping review protocol

OBJETIVO: mapear a produção técnico-científica sobre as competências necessárias para o desenvolvimento de evacuações aeromédicas em situações de emergências e desastres envolvendo agentes químicos, biológicos, radiológicos e nucleares. MÉTODO: protocolo de revisão de escopo. A elaboração deste protocolo foi baseada nas recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs, atendendo às recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Este protocolo orientará o processo de identificação de fontes de informação, extração de dados e análise de resultados, a partir da necessidade de dar suporte à análise das ações de capacitação de equipes de saúde frente às demandas clínicas e gerenciais a serem criteriosamente observadas em tais situações.

OBJECTIVE: to map the technical-scientific production on the skills necessary for aeromedical evacuation in emergency and disaster situations involving chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents. METHOD: scoping review protocol. The elaboration of this protocol was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute's recommendations, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). This protocol will guide the identification of the sources of information, data extraction, and the analysis of the results based on the need to support the analysis of training actions for health teams facing clinical and managerial demands that must be carefully considered in such situations.

Competencies for aeromedical evacuation practices in emergencies and disasters: a scoping review / Competencias para prácticas de evacuación aeromédica en emergencias y desastres: revisión del alcance / Competências para práticas de evacuações aeromédicas em emergências e desastres: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective: to map the competencies developed in training strategies for air transport practices for patients, in the face of emergency situations and disasters involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) agents. Method: this is a scoping review structured in accordance with the JBI and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Metanalyses extension for Scoping Reviews recommendations. The study was carried out in five stages: search for sources in 17 databases, an information portal and two repositories of gray literature, using 125 DeCS, MeSH and Emtree descriptors, without temporal and idiomatic clipping; selection; critical reading of the texts selected by two double-blind reviewers; summary of results and presentation of mapped competencies. Results: a total of 878 studies were analyzed, of which 18 composed the sample. In all, 11 competencies were mapped, with emphasis on the technical training domain. Competencies refer especially to technical-scientific knowledge in disaster situations involving CBRN agents and the safety of patients and professionals involved. Conclusion: the operationalization of artifices to improve qualification processes based on competencies proved to be strategic to increase the quality and safety of patient air transport practices. The approach of the sources on specific aspects of the particularities of practices related to emergencies and disasters involving CBRN agents in training/training processes demonstrates the academic effort to promote the reduction of the risk of these events when, in due course, civil and military institutions and their health operators are activated.

RESUMEN Objetivo: mapear las competencias desarrolladas en estrategias de formación en prácticas de transporte aéreo de pacientes, ante situaciones de emergencia y desastres con agentes químicos, biológicos, radiológicos y nucleares (QBRN). Método: una revisión de alcance estructurada de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del JBI y la lista de verificación Elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y la extensión Metanalyses para revisiones de alcance. El estudio se realizó en cinco etapas: búsqueda de fuentes en 17 bases de datos, un portal de información y dos repositorios de literatura gris, utilizando 125 descriptores DeCS, MeSH y Emtree, sin recorte temporal e idiomático; selección; lectura crítica de los textos seleccionados por dos revisores doble ciego; resumen de resultados y presentación de competencias mapeadas. Resultados: se analizaron 878 estudios, de los cuales 18 compusieron la muestra. En total, se mapearon 11 competencias, con énfasis en el dominio de formación técnica. Las competencias se refieren especialmente al conocimiento técnico-científico en situaciones de desastres que involucran a agentes QBRN y la seguridad de los pacientes y profesionales involucrados. Conclusión: la operacionalización de artificios para mejorar los procesos de calificación basados ​​en competencias demostró ser estratégica para aumentar la calidad y seguridad de las prácticas de transporte aéreo de pacientes. El abordaje de las fuentes sobre aspectos específicos de las particularidades de las prácticas relacionadas con emergencias y desastres que involucran a agentes QBRN en los procesos de formación/capacitación demuestra el esfuerzo académico por promover la reducción del riesgo de estos eventos cuando, en su momento, se activan las instituciones civiles y militares y sus operadores de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear as competências desenvolvidas em estratégias de capacitação para práticas de transporte aéreo de pacientes, diante de situações de emergência e desastres envolvendo agentes químicos, biológicos, radiológicos e nucleares (QBRN). Método: revisão de escopo estruturada conforme as recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institute e do checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Metanalyses extension for Scoping Reviews. O estudo foi desenvolvido em cinco etapas: busca de fontes em 17 bases de dados, um portal de informação e dois repositórios de literatura cinzenta, utilizando 125 descritores DeCS, MeSH e Emtree, sem recorte temporal e idiomático; seleção; leitura crítica na íntegra dos textos selecionados por dois revisores em duplo cego; síntese dos resultados e apresentação das competências mapeadas. Resultados: foram analisados 878 estudos, dos quais 18 compuseram a amostra. Ao todo, foram mapeadas 11 competências, com destaque para o domínio capacitação técnica. As competências referem-se especialmente ao conhecimento técnico-científico em situações de desastre envolvendo agentes QBRN e à segurança do paciente e dos profissionais envolvidos. Conclusão: a operacionalização de artifícios para aperfeiçoar os processos de capacitação baseados em competências mostrou-se estratégica para elevar a qualidade e a segurança das práticas de transporte aéreo de pacientes. A abordagem das fontes sobre aspectos específicos das particularidades das práticas relacionadas às emergências e desastres envolvendo agentes QBRN em processos de formação/capacitação demonstra o esforço acadêmico de promover a redução do risco desses eventos quando, oportunamente, forem acionadas instituições civis e militares e seus operadores de saúde.

Quality management of helicopter emergency medical service for critically ill patients / 中国基层医药

Public health emergencies have occurred frequently in recent years, with the characteristics of difficult rescue and a complex environment. Helicopter emergency medical service is an effective way to deal with catastrophic events. The service can effectively shorten the transfer time taken for patient transfer between hospitals, directly send patients to the hospitals that meet requirements for clinical treatment, and avoid the possible delayed treatment caused by a secondary transfer. Helicopter emergency medical service in China is still in its infancy, and there are various problems in the actual operation. Strict whole process quality management is needed to achieve the expected outcome. The paper reviews the current situation of helicopter rescue for critically ill patients in China and suggests a set of quality management schemes (including base construction, rescue equipment allocation, rescue personnel selection, rescue system construction, and on-site rescue procedure standardization). Findings from this paper hope to provide evidence for the development of aviation rescue in China. This study is innovative and scientific.

Training of nursing in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense for aeromedical evacuation in the pandemic / Formación de enfermería en defensa química, biológica, radiológica y nuclear para la evacuación aeromédica en pandemia / Capacitação da enfermagem em defesa química, biológica, radiológica e nuclear para evacuação aeromédica na pandemia

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the training of the military nursing team in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense to perform Aeromedical Evacuation in the coronavirus pandemic. This is an experience report about the training of the military nursing team in the Brazilian repatriation mission in China. Four members made up the aerospace nursing team. The period was from February to March 2020. Data analysis was carried out based on the survey of courses that each member of the nursing team had participated before the Operation. Results: Training proved to be essential to meet the specificities of the mission. Conclusions: It is extremely important to operationalize protocols to improve the aeromedical service and transport mechanism, increasing the level of proficiency in the execution of missions. The training of the team allows the construction of necessary knowledge and skills during an aeromedical evacuation, guaranteeing the performance excellence required in this type of mission.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la formación del equipo de enfermería militar en defensa química, biológica, radiológica y nuclear para realizar Evacuación Aeromédica en la pandemia de coronavirus. Es un relato de experiencia de la formación del equipo de enfermería militar en la misión de repatriación brasileña en China. Cuatro miembros conformaron el equipo de enfermería aeroespacial. El período fue de febrero a marzo de 2020. El análisis de datos se realizó a partir de la encuesta de cursos que cada integrante del equipo de enfermería había participado antes de la Operación. Resultados: La formación resultó fundamental para cumplir con las especificidades de la misión. Conclusiones: Es sumamente importante operacionalizar protocolos para mejorar el servicio aeromédico y el mecanismo de transporte, aumentando El nivel de competencia en la ejecución de misiones. La formación del equipo permite la construcción de conocimientos y habilidades necesarias durante una evacuación aeromédica, garantizando la excelencia de desempeño requerida en este tipo de misiones.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a capacitação da equipe de enfermagem militar na defesa química, biológica, radiológica e nuclear para realizar Evacuação Aeromédica na pandemia do coronavírus. Trata-se de um relato de experiência da capacitação da equipe de enfermagem militar na missão de repatriação dos brasileiros na China. Quatro membros compuseram a equipe de enfermagem aeroespacial. O período foi de fevereiro a março de 2020. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir do levantamento dos cursos que cada integrante da equipe de enfermagem havia participado antes da Operação. Resultados: A capacitação demonstrou-se fundamental para atender as especificidades da missão. Conclusões: É de suma importância operacionalizar protocolos para aperfeiçoar o mecanismo de atendimento e transporte aeromédico, elevando o nível de proficiência na execução das missões. A capacitação da equipe, permite construir conhecimentos e habilidades necessários durante uma evacuação aeromédica, garantindo a excelência de desempenho requerida nesse tipo de missão.

Medical rescue support for astronauts of space station mission / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To review and summarize the main problems that have occurred in the history of manned spaceflight worldwide and the experience of the medical rescue support for astronauts at the main landing site since the first manned spaceflight mission of the Shenzhou-5 in China in 2003, focus on the technical status and return characteristics during the construction of the space station since the Shenzhou-12, and formulate a targeted injury treatment plan to ensure the safety of astronauts.Methods:This article summarized the lessons of accidental injuries of astronauts in foreign aerospace history, especially in the space station stage, combined with the experience of medical support of astronauts in manned spaceflight in China, and put forward a series of organizations, plans and treatments according to the mission characteristics of long-term orbits and adjustments of the main landing sites of space station mission spacecraft.Results:On the basis of the original pre-cabin emergency and helicopter ICU comprehensive rescue platform, the emergency procedures were further optimized, and the treatment plans under different complex terrains and the principles of rapid treatment and evacuation of astronauts were formulated.Conclusions:The effective treatment of astronauts returning from the space station in various situations could be ensured by the comprehensive rescue plan for the medical rescue of the space station mission and the construction and organization of the helicopter rescue platform.

Primeras experiencias de niños helitransportados en Uruguay / First experiences of helicopter transportation of children in Uruguay / Primeiras experiências de crianças transportadas de helicóptero no Uruguai

Se presentan los primeros tres pacientes pediátricos helitransportados con traumatismo encéfalo craneano (TEC) grave asistidos en nuestra institución. Se muestra el protocolo de asistencia utilizado en el hospital para la recepción, estabilización y oportuno traslado previa coordinación con sectores públicos y privados de asistencia médica. Se solicita consentimiento informado a los padres para el uso de los datos en actividades científicas y publicaciones.

We present the first three pediatric patients transported by helicopter with severe cranioencephalic trauma assisted at our institution. The assistance protocol used in our Hospital for the reception, stabilization and timely transfer is shown after coordination with public and private health providers. Informed consent was requested from the children's parents for the use of the data in scientific activities and publications.

Apresentamos os três primeiros pacientes pediátricos transportados de helicóptero com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave (TCE) atendidos em nossa instituição. Descrevemos o protocolo de atendimento utilizado em nosso Hospital para o acolhimento, estabilização e transferência oportuna prévia coordenação aos setores público e privado de assistência médica. Solicitamos consentimento informado aos pais para o uso dos dados em atividades e publicações científicas.

Características dos atendimentos às vítimas de trauma admitidas em um pronto socorro via transporte aéreo / Características de la atención a víctimas de traumas admitidos en el servicio de urgencias vía transporte aéreo / Characteristics of assistance to trauma victims admitted to an emergency room via air medical transport

Objetivo: Descrever as características dos atendimentos às vítimas de trauma admitidas em um pronto socorro de grande porte, via transporte aéreo. Método: Estudo transversal que analisou 107 prontuários de vítimas de trauma admitidas via transporte aéreo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: Predominou o sexo masculino (63,3%), mediana de idade de 32 anos (IQ:23-51), vítimas de colisão automobilística (28,0%), transportadas por serviço aéreo público (86,0%) e nível de prioridade vermelho (55,7%). À admissão, 55,0% possuíam prótese de vias aéreas e 57,9% tiveram lesão na região do crânio. 72,9% realizou tomografia, 60,7% recebeu tratamento cirúrgico e 12,1% evoluiu a óbito no pronto socorro. O tempo de internação hospitalar teve mediana de sete dias (IQ: 1,5 -33,0), 57,0% recebeu alta domiciliar e 26,2% evoluiu a óbito. Conclusão: As vítimas, maioritariamente, eram graves e demandaram atendimento imediato e especializado, incluindo propedêuticas e terapêuticas de alta complexidade(AU)

Objective: To describe the characteristics of care provided to trauma victims admitted to an emergency room (ER) by air medical transport. Method: 107 medical records were collected and submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: Prevalence of male individuals (63.3%), at a median age of 32 years (IQR: 23-51), car crash as a trauma mechanism (28.0%), public air transport (86.0%), and emergency priority level (55.7%). Upon admission, 55.0% had airway prosthesis, 68.2% received supplemental oxygen and 85.0% were immobilized on a long backboard. Limbs (66.3%) and skull (57.9%) were the most affected body regions. Tomography was performed in 72.9%. 60.7% received surgical treatment while 12.1% died in the ER. Length of hospital stay was seven days (IQR: 1.5 -33.0). More than half were discharged (57.0%) and 26.2% died. Conclusion: Trauma victims admitted via air medical transport were mostly in serious condition and demanded immediate, specialized care, including highly complex care(AU)

Objetivo: Describir las características de la atención a las víctimas de trauma admitidas en un servicio de urgencias vía transporte aéreo. Método: Este estudio transversal analizó 107 historias clínicas de pacientes víctimas de trauma, admitidos en un servicio de urgencias vía transporte aéreo. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (63,3%), edad mediana de 32 años (IQ:23-51), colisión automovilística como mecanismo de lesión (28,0%), transporte por servicio aéreo público (86,0%) y nivel de prioridad emergencia (55,7%). En la admisión, 55,0% tenían prótesis de vía aérea, 68,2% recibian oxígeno suplementario y 85,0% estaban inmovilizados en tablas largas. Los miembros (66,3%) y cráneo (57,9%) fueron lasregiones corporales más afectadas. La tomografía fue realizada en 72,9%, 60,7% recibió tratamiento quirúrgico y 12,1% evolucionaron a óbito. El tiempo de internación fue de siete días (IQ: 1,5-33,0). 57,0% recibió alta domiciliaria y 26,2% evolucionaron a óbito. Conclusiones: Las víctimas de trauma admitidas vía transporte aéreo eran en su mayoría graves y demandaron atención inmediata y especializada, incluyendo propedéuticas y terapéuticas de alta complejidad(AU)

Military Nursing in "Operation Return to Brazil": aeromedical evacuation in the coronavirus pandemic / Enfermería militar en la "Operación Regreso a Brasil": evacuación aeromédica en la pandemia de coronavirus / Enfermagem Militar na "Operação Regresso ao Brasil": evacuação aeromédica na pandemia do coronavirus

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the experience of military nursing in "Operation Return to Brazil" in an aeromedical evacuation. Method: this is an experience report of the nursing staff in the Aeromedical Evacuation of potentially-contaminated Brazilians who were in Wuhan, China, after the outbreak of the new coronavirus. Results: the report was constructed from nursing care performed in three stages: pre-flight, screening, and flight. Pre-flight care would include aircraft configuration and material prediction. In screening, the staff was concerned with being properly attired. In the health assessment of returnees, in-flight, attention was focused on Personal Protective Equipment handling to minimize the risk of contamination by prolonged contact with potentially-contaminated passengers. Final considerations: nursing was committed to planning all the actions of this mission, which was one of the longest, strenuous and unprecedented in the history of aeromedical transport in Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la experiencia de enfermería militar en la "Operación Regreso a Brasil" en una evacuación aeromédica. Método: este es un informe de experiencia del equipo de enfermería, en la evacuación aeromédica de brasileños potencialmente contaminados que se encontraban en Wuhan, China, después del brote del nuevo coronavirus. Resultado: el informe se construyó a partir de la atención de enfermería realizada en tres etapas: pre-vuelo, detección y vuelo. En el prevuelo, el cuidado incluyó la configuración de la aeronave y el pronóstico del material. En la evaluación, al equipo le preocupaba estar bien preparado. En la evaluación de la salud de los retornados, durante el vuelo, la atención se centró en el manejo de equipos de protección personal para minimizar el riesgo de contaminación por contacto prolongado con pasajeros potencialmente contaminados. Consideraciones finales: la enfermería se comprometió a planificar todas las acciones de esta misión, que fue una de las más largas, extenuantes y sin precedentes en la historia del transporte aeromédico en Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a experiência da enfermagem militar na Operação Regresso ao Brasil em uma evacuação aeromédica. Método: trata-se de um relato de experiência da equipe de enfermagem, na evacuação aeromédica dos brasileiros potencialmente contaminados que estavam em Wuhan, China, após o surto do novo coronavírus. Resultado: o relato foi construído a partir de cuidados de enfermagem realizados em três etapas: pré-voo, triagem e voo. No pré-voo, os cuidados incluíram a configuração da aeronave e a previsão do material. Na triagem, a equipe preocupou-se em estar devidamente aparamentada. Na avaliação de saúde dos repatriados, durante voo, concentrou-se a atenção no manejo dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual para minimizar o risco de contaminação pelo contato prolongado, com passageiros potencialmente contaminados. Considerações finais: a enfermagem empenhou-se no planejamento de todas as ações dessa missão, que foi uma das mais longas, extenuantes e inéditas da história do transporte aeromédico do Brasil.

Nurses' responsibilities in the aerospace environment / Atribuciones del enfermero en el medio ambiente aeroespacial / Atribuições do enfermeiro no ambiente aeroespacial

ABSTRACT Objectives: to characterize the nurses who work in the aerospace environment and to identify their most frequent responsibilities during the pre-flight, flight, and post-flight periods. Methods: a quantitative, exploratory-descriptive research, conducted using a survey through Google forms®, from January to April of 2018, with 50 nurses from aerospace services in Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: predominance of male participants (64%), mean age of 37 years, with a mean working time in the aerospace environment of six years, in helicopter (54%), and in the southern region (42%). The main pre-flight, flight, and post-flight activities were, respectively: verification/testing of equipment functionality, nursing care for patients, and replacement of supplies and equipment. Conclusions: In the aerospace environment, nurses' work are primarily organizational and victim care actions, during all phases of the flight.

RESUMEN Objetivos: caracterizar a los enfermeros que actúan en el ambiente aeroespacial e identificar las asignaciones más frecuentes desarrolladas por ellos durante los períodos previos a vuelo, vuelo y post-vuelo. Métodos: investigación exploratoria-descriptiva, con abordaje cuantitativo, desarrollada por medio de una encuesta vía Google forms ®, de enero a abril de 2018, con 50 enfermeros de servicios aeroespaciales de Brasil. Los datos se analizaron por medio de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: predominaron participantes del sexo masculino (64%), con edad media de 37 años, con tiempo promedio de actuación en el ambiente aeroespacial de seis años, en aeronaves de ala rotativa (54%) y provenientes de la Región Sur (42%). Las principales actividades en el pre-vuelo, durante el vuelo y post-vuelo fueron, respectivamente: verificación/prueba de la funcionalidad de equipos, asistencia de enfermería a los pacientes y reposición de insumos y equipamientos. Conclusiones: en la actuación del enfermero en el ambiente aeroespacial predominan acciones organizacionales y de cuidado a la víctima durante todas las etapas del vuelo.

RESUMO Objetivos: caracterizar os enfermeiros que atuam no ambiente aeroespacial e identificar as atribuições mais frequentes desenvolvidas por eles durante os períodos pré-voo, voo e pós-voo. Métodos: pesquisa exploratório-descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvida por meio de um survey via Google forms ®, de janeiro a abril de 2018, com 50 enfermeiros de serviços aeroespaciais do Brasil. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: predominaram participantes do sexo masculino (64%), com idade média de 37 anos, com tempo médio de atuação no ambiente aeroespacial de seis anos, em aeronaves de asa rotativa (54%) e provenientes da região Sul (42%). As principais atividades no pré-voo, durante o voo e pós-voo foram, respectivamente: verificação/teste da funcionalidade de equipamentos, assistência de enfermagem aos pacientes e reposição de insumos e equipamentos. Conclusões: na atuação do enfermeiro no ambiente aeroespacial predominam ações organizacionais e de cuidado à vítima durante todas as etapas do voo.

Elderly people receiving care through an aeromedical service / Idosos atendidos em um serviço aeromédico

Abstract Objective: to characterize the care given to the elderly by an aeromedical service in the south of Brazil. Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study was performed. The data were collected from reports of care of the elderly between July 2014 and June 2016, and were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics with numerical measures and descriptive charts. Results: of the 1071 care visits performed, 214 (19.9%) were related to occurrences involving the elderly, the majority of whom were male (64.5%) and aged between 60-64 years (29%). The types of care were classified into clinical, trauma or inter-hospital transfer. With respect to clinical care, cardiorespiratory arrest was the most prevalent incident (35.9%), while in trauma care falls were the most frequent occurrence (48.9%). The highest percentage of visits occurred on Sundays (18.7%). In the majority of cases care resulted in referral to reference hospitals (69.63%), followed by visits that evolved to death in the case of 47 elderly persons (21.96%). Conclusion: the findings of the present study represent a relevant contribution to the planning and implementation of care for elderly persons in an emergency situation receiving treatment from an aeromedical service. AU

Resumo Objetivo: caracterizar os atendimentos realizados aos idosos pelo Serviço Aeromédico na Região Sul do Brasil. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo. Os dados foram coletados dos relatórios de atendimentos com idosos, no período entre julho de 2014 a junho de 2016 e analisados mediante estatística descritiva. Resultados: dos 1.071 atendimentos realizados, 214 (19,9%) estavam relacionados a ocorrências com idosos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (64,5%), na faixa etária entre 60-64 anos (29%). Os tipos de atendimentos foram classificados em clínico, traumático ou transferência inter-hospitais. Em relação aos atendimentos clínicos, a parada cardiorrespiratória foi o agravo mais prevalente (35,9%) e nos atendimentos por trauma, a queda de nível destacou-se como maior ocorrência (48,9%). Domingo (18,7%) foi o dia da semana em que mais ocorreram atendimentos. Em relação ao desfecho, a maioria dos atendimentos foram direcionados para hospitais de referência (69,63%), seguido dos atendimentos que evoluíram a óbito na cena, em 47 idosos (21,96%). Conclusão: os achados trazem contribuições relevantes para o planejamento e a implementação da assistência ao idoso em situação de urgência atendido pelo serviço aeromédico. AU

Reduced Mortality in Severely Injured Patients Using Hospital-based Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Interhospital Transport

Recent evidence has demonstrated the survival benefits of helicopter transport for trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of hospital-based helicopter emergency medical services (H-HEMS) in comparison with ground ambulance transport in improving mortality outcomes in patients with major trauma. Study participants were divided into 2 groups according to type of transport to the trauma center; that is, either via ground emergency medical services (GEMS) or via H-HEMS. The study was conducted from October 2013 to July 2015. Mortality outcomes in the H-HEMS group were compared with those in the GEMS group by using the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) analysis. The number of participants finally included in the study was 312. Among these patients, 63 were adult major trauma patients transported via H-HEMS, and 47.6% were involved in traffic accidents. For interhospital transport, the Z and W statistics revealed significantly higher scores in the H-HEMS group than in the GEMS group (Z statistic, 2.02 vs. 1.16; P = 0.043 vs. 0.246; W statistic, 8.87 vs. 2.85), and 6.02 more patients could be saved per 100 patients when H-HEMS was used for transportation. TRISS analysis revealed that the use of H-HEMS for transporting adult major trauma patients was associated with significantly improved survival compared to the use of GEMS.

Epidemiologia dos pacientes tratados no Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves de acordo com o tipo de atendimento pré-hospitalar / Epidemiology of patients treated at the Risoleta Tolentino Neves Hospital according to the type of pre-hospital care

O Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves (HRTN) é considerado uma referência em trauma em Belo Horizonte. Em 2010, 102.098 pacientes foram admitidos no Pronto-Socorro do HRTN e alocados em três grupos distintos (G1, G2 e G3), considerando-se o tipo de cuidado pré-hospitalar. Os dados foram estudados de acordo com os capítulos do CID-10. Objetivos: realizar análise epidemiológica do Pronto-Socorro do HRTN em 2010. Comparar características epidemiológicas de pacientes transportados por serviçosespecializados feitos por ambulâncias e por outras formas de transporte feitas por leigos, a fim de implementar um serviço de teleurgência para a integração do serviço pré-hospitalar com a assistência médica hospitalar. Material e métodos: este trabalho é o resultado de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, individual, observacional e retrospectivo. Resultados: pacientes transportados por ambulância (G1) foram 7.191(7,4% do total). Os pacientes transportados informalmente por leigos da polícia (G2) foram 1.603 (1,57 % do total). Os demais pacientes transportados por leigos ou por conta própria (G3) totalizaram 93.304 indivíduos (91,38%). Casos de trauma representaram 72,22% do grupo G1, 60,06% do grupo G2 e 22,7% do grupo G3. Conclusão: este estudo reuniu dados epidemiológicos detalhados do Pronto-Socorro do HRTN em 2010 e associou com o atendimento pré-hospitalar. O conhecimento desses dados pode ser usado para melhorar o atendimento pré-hospitalar especializado e o transporte pré-hospitalar informal, além de integrar o atendimento pré-hospitalar ao hospitalar. A implantação de um serviço de teleurgência é fundamental para melhorar essa integração e para reduzir a mortalidade no trauma.

The Risoleta Tolentino Neves Hospital (RTNH) is considered a trauma reference hospital in Belo Horizonte. In 2010, 102,098 patients were admitted to the Emergency Room of the RTNH and allocated in three distinct groups (G1, G2, and G3) considering the type of pre-hospital care received. The data were studied according to the ICD-10 chapters. Objectives: to perform an epidemiological analysis of RTNH Emergency Room in 2010 and compare epidemiological characteristics of patients transported by specialized services provided by ambulances and by other forms of transportation, such as by laymen, to implement the tele-urgent service to integrate the prehospital service with hospital medical assistance. Material and methods: this study is the result of an epidemiological, descriptive, individual, observational, and retrospective study. Results: a total of 7,191 patients were transported by ambulance (G1) (7.4%). A total of 1,603 patients were transported informally by lay people from the police (G2) (1.57%). The remaining patients were transported by laymen or self (G3) and totaled 93,304 individuals (91.38%). Trauma cases accounted for 72.22% in G1, 60.06% in G2, and 22.7% in G3. Conclusion: this study gathered detailed epidemiological datain the RTNH Emergency Room in 2010 and analyzed its association with the pre-hospital care received. This knowledge can be used to improve specialized prehospital care and pre-hospital informal transportation, and integrate the pre-hospital with hospital care. The implementation of a tele urgent service is fundamental to improve this integration and reduce mortality in trauma.

Effective Transport for Trauma Patients under Current Circumstances in Korea: A Single Institution Analysis of Treatment Outcomes for Trauma Patients Transported via the Domestic 119 Service

In Korea, which still lacks a well-established trauma care system, the inability to transport patients to adequate treatment sites in a timely manner is a cause of low trauma patient survival. As such, this study was conducted to serve as a basis for the establishment of a future trauma transport system. We performed a comparative analysis of the transport time, and treatment outcomes between trauma victims transported by ground ambulance (GAMB) and those transported via the helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) through the National Emergency Management Agency's 119 reporting system, which is similar to the 911 system of the United States, from March 2011 to May 2014. The HEMS-transported patients received treatment instructions, by remote communication, from our trauma specialists from the time of accident reporting; in certain instances, members of the trauma medical staff provided treatment at the scene. A total of 1,626 patients were included in the study; the GAMB and HEMS groups had 1,547 and 79 patients, respectively. The median transport time was different between 2 groups (HEMS, 60 min vs. GAMB, 47 min, P<0.001) but for all patients was 49 min (less than the golden hour). Outcomes were significantly better in the HEMS compared to the GAMB, using the trauma and injury severity score (survival rate, 94.9% vs. 90.5%; Z score, 2.83 vs. -1.96; W score, 6.7 vs. -0.8). A unified 119 service transport system, which includes helicopter transport, and the adoption of a trauma care system that allows active initial involvement of trauma medical personnel, could improve the treatment outcome of trauma patients.

Effective Transport for Trauma Patients under Current Circumstances in Korea: A Single Institution Analysis of Treatment Outcomes for Trauma Patients Transported via the Domestic 119 Service

In Korea, which still lacks a well-established trauma care system, the inability to transport patients to adequate treatment sites in a timely manner is a cause of low trauma patient survival. As such, this study was conducted to serve as a basis for the establishment of a future trauma transport system. We performed a comparative analysis of the transport time, and treatment outcomes between trauma victims transported by ground ambulance (GAMB) and those transported via the helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) through the National Emergency Management Agency's 119 reporting system, which is similar to the 911 system of the United States, from March 2011 to May 2014. The HEMS-transported patients received treatment instructions, by remote communication, from our trauma specialists from the time of accident reporting; in certain instances, members of the trauma medical staff provided treatment at the scene. A total of 1,626 patients were included in the study; the GAMB and HEMS groups had 1,547 and 79 patients, respectively. The median transport time was different between 2 groups (HEMS, 60 min vs. GAMB, 47 min, P<0.001) but for all patients was 49 min (less than the golden hour). Outcomes were significantly better in the HEMS compared to the GAMB, using the trauma and injury severity score (survival rate, 94.9% vs. 90.5%; Z score, 2.83 vs. -1.96; W score, 6.7 vs. -0.8). A unified 119 service transport system, which includes helicopter transport, and the adoption of a trauma care system that allows active initial involvement of trauma medical personnel, could improve the treatment outcome of trauma patients.

Helicopter emergency medical rescue for the traumatized: experience in the metropolitan region of Campinas, Brazil / Resgate aeromédico a traumatizados: experiência na região metropolitana de Campinas, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile of patients served by the air medical rescue system in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, evaluating: triage and mobilization criteria; response time; on-site care and transport time; invasive procedures performed in the Pre-Hospital Care (PHC); severity of patients; morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, descriptive study in which we analyzed medical records of patients rescued between July 2010 and December 2012. During this period, 242 victims were taken to the HC-Unicamp. Of the 242 patients, 22 were excluded from the study. RESULTS: of the 220 cases evaluated, 173 (78.6%) were male, with a mean age of 32 years. Blunt trauma was the most prevalent (207 cases - 94.1%), motorcycle accidents being the most common mechanisms of injury (66 cases - 30%), followed by motor vehicle collisions (51 cases - 23.2%). The average response time was 10 ± 4 minutes and the averaged total pre-hospital time was 42 ± 11 minutes. The mean values of the trauma indices were: RTS = 6.2 ± 2.2; ISS = 19.2 ± 12.6; and TRISS = 0.78 ± 0.3. Tracheal intubation in the pre-hospital environment was performed in 77 cases (35%); 43 patients (19.5%) had RTS of 7.84 and ISSd"9, being classified as over-triaged. Of all patients admitted, the mortality was 15.9% (35 cases). CONCLUSION: studies of air medical rescue in Brazil are required due to the investments made in the pre-hospital care in a country without an organized trauma system. The high rate of over-triage found highlights the need to improve the triage and mobilization criteria. .

OBJETIVO: analisar o perfil de doentes atendidos pelo sistema de resgate aeromédico na Região Metropolitana de Campinas, avaliando critérios de triagem e acionamento; tempo-resposta, tempo de atendimento e de transporte; procedimentos invasivos realizados no APH; gravidade dos doentes; morbidade e mortalidade. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo descritivo, no qual foram analisados prontuários e fichas médicas de pacientes atendidos entre julho de 2010 e dezembro de 2012. Nesse período, 242 vítimas foram levadas ao HC-Unicamp. Dos 242 pacientes, 22 foram excluídos do estudo. RESULTADOS: dos 220 casos avaliados, 173 (78,6%) eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 32 anos. O trauma contuso foi o mais prevalente (207 casos - 94,1%), sendo os mecanismos de trauma mais frequentes os acidentes de motocicleta (66 casos - 30%) e colisões automobilísticas (51 casos - 23,2%). O tempo-resposta médio foi 10 ± 4 minutos e tempo total de pré-hospitalar teve média de 42 ± 11 minutos. Os valores médios dos índices de trauma foram: RTS = 6,2 ± 2,2; ISS = 19,2 ± 12,6; e TRISS = 0.78 ± 0.3. Intubação orotraqueal no pré-hospitalar foi realizada em 77 casos (35%) e 43 doentes (19,5%) tinham RTS de 7,84 e ISSd"9, sendo classificados como "supertriados". Do total de pacientes admitidos, a mortalidade foi 15,9% (35 casos). CONCLUSÃO: estudos de resgate aeromédico no Brasil são necessários devido aos investimentos realizados no pré-hospitalar num país sem sistema de trauma organizado. O elevado índice de supertriagem encontrado evidencia a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento dos critérios de triagem e acionamento. .

Present Situation of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) in South Korea during the First Year

PURPOSE: HEMS is expected to shorten transportation time to an advanced facility and to enable administration of advanced treatment at the scene. In Korea, HEMS was launched in September 2011. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of HEMS in South Korea during the first year and to provide information for use in improvement. METHODS: Data were collected from September 23. 2011 to September 22. 2012; emergency patients on islands and in vulnerable areas were transported by helicopter. During the one-year study period, a prospective cohort study was conducted. Target diseases were acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and severe trauma. We classified patients according to two groups (severe group vs. mild group), whether they had been admitted to the intensive care unit (included death in the emergency room) or not. RESULTS: During this period, the total request mission number was 555 and the number of patients transported to base hospitals was 322. Differences between severe group and minor group were as follows: (1) final diagnosis; severe trauma (27.7% vs. 3.5%), cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (24.3% vs. 4.2%), and acute coronary syndrome (7.3% vs. 2.1%), p<0.001. (2) classification of transport area; islands (45.8% vs. 77.2%), bridge islands (26.0% vs. 15.9%), and inland area (28.3% vs. 6.9%), p<0.001. (3) the median time of call to hospital time was 52 vs. 55 minutes (p=0.289). and the median time of on scene time was 9 vs. 8 minutes (p=0.046). CONCLUSION: During the 12-month period, air ambulance played an important role in medically vulnerable areas (inclusion islands). However, the number of transport missions was still relatively low, and has shown a gradual increase.

Present Situation of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) in South Korea during the First Year

PURPOSE: HEMS is expected to shorten transportation time to an advanced facility and to enable administration of advanced treatment at the scene. In Korea, HEMS was launched in September 2011. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of HEMS in South Korea during the first year and to provide information for use in improvement. METHODS: Data were collected from September 23. 2011 to September 22. 2012; emergency patients on islands and in vulnerable areas were transported by helicopter. During the one-year study period, a prospective cohort study was conducted. Target diseases were acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and severe trauma. We classified patients according to two groups (severe group vs. mild group), whether they had been admitted to the intensive care unit (included death in the emergency room) or not. RESULTS: During this period, the total request mission number was 555 and the number of patients transported to base hospitals was 322. Differences between severe group and minor group were as follows: (1) final diagnosis; severe trauma (27.7% vs. 3.5%), cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (24.3% vs. 4.2%), and acute coronary syndrome (7.3% vs. 2.1%), p<0.001. (2) classification of transport area; islands (45.8% vs. 77.2%), bridge islands (26.0% vs. 15.9%), and inland area (28.3% vs. 6.9%), p<0.001. (3) the median time of call to hospital time was 52 vs. 55 minutes (p=0.289). and the median time of on scene time was 9 vs. 8 minutes (p=0.046). CONCLUSION: During the 12-month period, air ambulance played an important role in medically vulnerable areas (inclusion islands). However, the number of transport missions was still relatively low, and has shown a gradual increase.

Aspectos históricos do transporte aeromédico e da medicina aeroespacial - revisão / Historical aspects of aeromedical transportand aerospace medicine – review

A história do transporte aeromédico e da Medicina Aeroespacial consiste em agradável viagem ao passado, com grandes perspectivas. Este trabalho descreve como a Medicina militar e as guerras trouxeram conhecimentos sobre a fisiologia humana, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de várias áreas médicas. A viagem inicia-se na mitologia grega, com Dédalus e Ícaro, passando pelos balões inicialmente sem direção, depois seus dirigíveis, até chegar às máquinas voadoras mais pesadas que o ar. O homem experimentou ambiente hostil que lhe era desconhecido; a baixa pressão atmosférica, a hipóxia e a hipotermia eram apenas o começo. Paul Bert, médico fisiologista e pai da Medicina Aeroespacial, já realizava estudos em câmara hipobárica, mesmo com toda limitação tecnológica da época. Nascia nova era, em que o homem começava a entender e a dominar as alterações fisiológicas da altitude.A concepção de transporte aeromédico foi introduzida durante as guerras napoleônicas e sedimentada na Guerra Franco-Prussiana (1871), quando 160 feridos foram transportados da Paris sediada, em balões de ar quente. A grande evolução nos cuidados pré-hospitalares e no modelo de remoção de pacientes ocorreu durante as Guerras do Vietnã e da Coreia,palco de estrutura que serviu de molde para os sistemas de atendimento ao trauma da atualidade. As guerras continuam a assolar a humanidade, levando vidas e trazendo sofrimento e dor aos que ficam. Paradoxalmente, é a mesma guerra que fornece condições de pesquisae desenvolvimento de inventos e tecnologia, as quais propulsionaram a conquista de novos universos. O caminho é literal. Vai da imaginação da mitologia grega em possibilitar ao homem voar, até a da atualidade, que faz sonhar em conquistar o espaço, com a mesma personalidade desbravadora que dos antecessores. Aqui o céu não é o limite.

The history of aeromedical transport and Aerospace Medicine consists in a pleasant journey to the past, with great prospects. This article describes how military medicine and wars advanced our understanding of human physiology, contributing to the development of various medical s. The journey begins in Greek mythology, with Daedalus and Icarus, moving on to balloons, then on to airships, until we reach heavier than air flying machines. Man experienced a hostile environment unknown to him, low atmospheric pressure, hypoxia and hypothermia were just the beginning.Paul Bert, medical physiologist and father of Aerospace Medicine, already performed studies in hypobaric chambers, even with all the technological limitations of his time. A new era was born, in which man began to understand and master the physiological changes of altitude. The concept of aeromedical transport was introduced during the Napoleonic wars and consolidated in the Franco-Prussian War (1871), when 160 wounded men were transported from sieged Paris on hot air balloons. A great evolution in pre-hospital care and patient evacuation strategies occurred during thewars in Vietnam and Korea, stages that served as a templates for the structures of trauma care today. Wars continue to ravage humanity, taking lives and bringing pain and suffering to those who remain. Paradoxically,it is the same war that provides conditions for research and development of inventions and technology, which propelled the conquering of new worlds. The path is literal. It goes from the ingenuity of Greek mythologythat enabled man to fly, to today, making us dream of conquering space, with the same adventurous personality of our predecessors. Here, the sky is not the limit.

Compreensão de enfermeiros de bordo sobre seu papel na equipe multiprofissional de transporte aeromédico / Flight nurses' comprehension about their role in the multiprofesional team of aero-medical transport / Compresión de enfermeros de bordo acerca de su papel en el equipo multiprofesional de transporte aeromédico

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo descritivo que objetivou identificar a compreensão de enfermeiros de bordo sobre seu papel na equipe multiprofissional de transporte aeromédico. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com oito enfermeiros de bordo de Curitiba-PR, de junho a agosto de 2009. Os discursos foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo, emergindo três categorias. A primeira descreve as atribuições do enfermeiro de bordo como gestor da missão aeromédica, planejando o antes, o durante e após o transporte e incluindo o preparo da aeronave e o conhecimento do caso do paciente. Na segunda categoria são abordados aspectos deste profissional como prestador de assistência ao paciente aerorremovido; e, na terceira, descrevem-se a comunicação e o trabalho em equipe como competências fundamentais ao enfermeiro de bordo. Conclui-se que o enfermeiro no transporte aeromédico articula gerenciamento e cuidado em sua prática profissional por meio do uso de competências.

This is a descriptive qualitative research which aimed at identifying the flight nurses' comprehension by about their role in the aero-medical multiprofesional team. A semi-structured interview was carried out with eight flight nurses from Curitiba-PR, from June to August 2009. The speeches were analyzed by the content analysis, from which three categories emerged. The first describes the responsibilities of the flight nurses as managers of the aero-medical mission, planning for before, during and after the transport, what includes the aircraft check-list and knowledge of the patient's case. The second category deals with aspects of these professionals as care providers to the aero-transferred patient. The third describes communication and team-work as fundamental requirements for flight nurses. It was concluded that the nurse in aero-medical team mixes management and caring in his/her professional practice by the use of specific competences.

Se trata de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo que tiene como objetivo identificar la compresión de enfermeros de bordo acerca de su papel en el equipo multiprofesional de transporte aeromédico. Se realizó una entrevista semi estructurada con ocho enfermeros de bordo de Curitiba-PR, de junio a agosto de 2009. Los discursos fueron analizados por el análisis de contenido, emergiendo tres categorías. La primera describe sus atribuciones como gestor de la misión aeromédica, planeando el antes, durante y después del trasporte e incluyendo el preparo de la aeronave y el conocimiento del caso del paciente. En la segunda categoría son abordados los aspectos de este profesional como proveedor de asistencia al paciente removido por vía aérea; y, en la tercera, se describe la comunicación y el trabajo en equipo como competencias fundamentales del enfermero de bordo. Se concluye que el enfermero en el trasporte aeromédico articula gerencia y cuidado en su práctica profesional por medio del uso de competencias específicas.

Protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem no ambiente aeroespacial a pacientes traumatizados: cuidados antes do voo / Protocol of nursing care to traumatized patients in the aerospace environment: care before flight / Protocolo de cuidados de enfermería en el ambiente aeroespacial a pacientes traumatizados: cuidados antes del vuelo

Teve-se como objetivo apresentar um protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem na pré-remoção aeroespacial de pacientes adultos vítimas de trauma. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, convergente assistencial, realizada na Divisão de Operações Aéreas, em São José-SC, entre abril a junho de 2010. Baseou-se nos princípios do Prehospital Trauma Life Support. Utilizou-se de entrevista individual e de encontros em grupo. Participaram os oito enfermeiros do serviço. O protocolo contempla os cuidados relativos à segurança no embarque; desembarque; avaliação da cena; avaliação primária; avaliação secundária e estabilização do paciente. O protocolo propiciará uma prática de cuidado mais segura aos pacientes aerorremovidos.

The study aimed to present a protocol for nursing care in pre aerospace removing of adult victims of trauma. A qualitative convergent care research was performed at the Division of Air Operations in the municipality of San Jose-SC, Brazil, from April to June 2010. The study was based on the principles of the Pre-hospital Trauma Life Support. Individual interviews and group meetings were used. Eight nurses participated in the service. The proposed protocol includes safety boarding, disembarking, assessment of the scene, primary assessment, secondary assessment and stabilization of the patient. The protocol will provide a safer nursing practice care to patients aero removed.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar un protocolo para la atención de enfermería en la remoción pre aeroespacial de las víctimas adultas de trauma. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, convergente asistencial, levada a cabo en la División de Operaciones Aéreas, en San José-SC, de abril a junio de 2010. La investigación levó en cuenta los principios del Prehospital Trauma Life Support. Para su elaboración, realizó-se entrevistas individuales y reuniones de grupo. Ocho enfermeras participaron en el estudio. El propuesto protocolo cubre los cuidados relativos a la seguranza durante el embarque y el desembarque; a la evaluación de la escena; a la evaluación primaria; a la evaluación secundaria y la estabilización del paciente. El protocolo servirá a una atención de enfermería más segura para los pacientes aerotransportados.